01) with higher levels in dissociative subjects, but still did not differ in urinary cortisol (F = 0.53, df = 1,15, NS). When covarying for depression scores, the two groups did significantly differ in baseline plasma cortisol (F = 8.81, df = 1,15, p <. Similarly, there were no differences in baseline 24-hour urinary cortisol concentrations. Plasma cortisol levels in the two groups differed significantly following dexamethasone administration, but not at baseline. Results are summarized in Table 1 and individually presented in Figure 1. They also differed in depression scores, although these were modest (DPD 8.2 ± 5.3, HC 1.4 ± 1.7, t = 3.67, df = 16, p <.
The two groups differed significantly in dissociation scores (DES: DPD 25.4 ± 10.6, HC 4.2 ± 2.3, t = 5.88, df = 16, p <. On Axis II, one subject had avoidant and one had borderline and narcissistic personality disorder two were not assessed. On Axis I, one DPD subject had comorbid social phobia, and one had panic and generalized anxiety disorder. Age of onset of DPD was 15.22 ± 5.38 years, with a duration of 11.05 ± 13.39 years. The two groups did not differ in age (DPD 30.78 ± 9.95, HC 31.44 ± 13.60, t = 0.12, df = 16, NS) or gender (five males and four females per group). Cortisol concentrations were measured by a double-antibody RIA kit (Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles), with intra-assay CV 5% and inter-assay CV 7.5%. on Day 3, additional blood samples were obtained for measurement of plasma cortisol. on Day 2, 0.5 mg oral dexamethasone was administered. On Day 2 at 8 A.M., blood samples were obtained for measurement of baseline plasma cortisol. a 24-hour urine collection was commenced. to 8 A.M., ate meals at fixed hours after 8 A.M., and were allowed rest and low-level activity. In effect, five subjects had never received pharmacotherapy, two had remote histories of antidepressant treatment years prior, and two had discontinued medication two months before the study because it had not resulted in depersonalization improvement. DPD subjects were required to not have taken any psychotropic medications for at least five weeks prior to the study, and were not withdrawn from prior medications for the purpose of participating in the study. Subjects were medically healthy with normal physical examinations and routine laboratory testing, negative urine toxicology and no history of substance abuse. Depressive symptoms were rated by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( Hamilton 1960). Subjects completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale ( Bernstein and Putnam 1986), which yields a total score “DES,” and a depersonalization score “DES-DPS” ( Simeon et al. 1995), and Axis II disorders ( Pfohl et al. Subjects were evaluated by structured interviews for DSM-IV dissociative disorders ( Steinberg 1994), other Axis I disorders ( First et al. After complete description of the study, written informed consent was obtained. However, by showing that depersonalization contributes to the processes the maintenance of test anxiety, the findings confirm that depersonalization – normally understood as an adaptive mechanism to cope with stressful events – can become maladaptive.Nine subjects with DSM-IV depersonalization disorder (DPD) without lifetime PTSD or current major depression and nine healthy comparison (HC) subjects without lifetime Axis I or Axis II disorders were independently recruited. Conclusion: Results are limited by the non-random sampling and the small sample size of Study 2. Depersonalization was linked to a higher intensity of safety behaviors and post-event processing but not to self-focused attention. In Study 2, test anxiety and negative appraisals of depersonalization significantly predicted depersonalization. Results: In Study 1, 47.3% reported at least one moderate depersonalization symptom.
In Study 2, we assessed test anxiety 1 week before an oral examination, depersonalization, safety behaviors, self-focused attention, and negative appraisals of depersonalization directly after the examination, and post-event processing 1 week later among 67 students. Sampling and Methods: In Study 1, 203 students rated their test anxiety severity and depersonalization in their last oral examination. Background: Based on the assumptions that depersonalization symptoms are relevant for test anxiety maintenance, we examined their frequency, psychological predictors, association with anxiety symptoms, and association with test performance.
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